Spontaneous
- Airflow obstruction
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Pulmonary infection
- Cavitating pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Fungal disease
- AIDS
- Pneumatocele
- Pulmonary infarction
- Neoplasm
- Metastatic sarcoma
- Diffuse lung disease
- Histiocytosis X
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- Fibrosing alveolitis
- Hereditary
- Marfan syndrome
- Endometriosis
Traumatic
- Iatrogenic
- Thoracotomy
- Thoracocentesis
- Percutaneous biopsy
- Tracheostomy
- Central venous catheterization
- Non-iatrogenic
- Ruptured esophagus/trachea
- Closed chest trauma
- Penetrating chest trauma