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- paralysis of long thoracic nerve – trauma, surgery or idiopathic, causes winging of scapula
- Sprengel deformity – congenital elevation and rotation of scapula with inferior angle directed laterally. An omovertebral bar (membranous or osseous) seen in 1/3 of cases from superomedial border of scapula to lower cervical vertebrae. Sprengel deformity associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome or spina bifida