Section Risk stratification in prostate cancer by European Association of Urology 22 Mar 202222 Mar 2022 Low riskPSA < 10 ng/ml Gleason score < 7 Clinical stage T1 - T2aIntermediate riskPSA 10-20 ng/ml Gleason score 7 Clinical stage T2bHigh riskPSA > 20 ng/ml Gleason score >…
Section Risk stratification in prostate cancer by American Urological Association 22 Mar 202222 Mar 2022 Very low riskPSA < 10 ng/ml Grade group I Clinical stage T1 - T2a < 34% biopsy cores positive No core >50% involved PSA density < 0.15 ng/ml/ccLow riskPSA <…
Section Bladder cancer staging 22 Mar 202222 Mar 2022 Tx Primary tumor cannot be assessedT0No evidence of residual tumorTaSuperficial non invasive papillary carcinomaTisSuperficial flat tumor (carcinoma in situ)T1Invasion of subepithelial connective tissue (lamina propria)T2aSuperficial invasion of muscularis mucosa (into inner…
Section Upper tract urothelial carcinoma staging 22 Mar 202222 Mar 2022 T0No evidence of primary tumorTaNon-invasive papillary carcinomaTisCarcinoma in situT1Tumor invades sub epitheliumT2Tumor invades muscularis T3Tumor invades beyond muscularis into perirenal or periureteric fat or into renal parenchymaT4Tumor invades adjacent organs or…
Section 2017 modification TNM renal cell carcinoma staging 22 Mar 202222 Mar 2022 T1aTumor confined to kidney, small, < 4 cmT1bTumor confined to kidney > 4 cm, < 7 cmT2aTumor confined to kidney > 7 cm, < 10 cmT2bTumor confined to kidney >…
Section Differentials for right iliac fossa pain 21 Mar 202221 Mar 2022 AppendicitisEctopic pregnancyOvarian cyst with or without torsionSalpingitisEndometriosisDiverticulitisInfectious ileocecitisCrohn’s diseaseMalignancyIntussusceptionMeckel’s diverticulumCholecystitisUrolithiasisMesenteric adenitis
Section O-RADS MRI risk stratification and management system 2 Mar 202223 Mar 2022 O-RADS MRI scoreRisk categoryPositive predictive value for malignancyRemarks0Incomplete evaluation--1Normal ovaries-No ovarian lesionSimple cyst < or equal to 3 cm in premenopausal womenHemorrhagic cyst < or equal to 3 cm in…
Section Emphysematous disease of the urinary tract 10 Jan 202222 Mar 2022 Emphysematous pyelonephritis gas in renal parenchymafocal or diffusemay involve collecting system and perinephric spacehigh mortalitymay require nephrectomy Emphysematous pyelitis gas in pelvicalyceal system and ureter alonelow mortalitypercutaneous drainage and antibiotics…
Section Testicular torsion 23 Dec 202116 Dec 2021 Peripubertal boys, and in infancyNormally tunica vaginalis converges posterior to fix testis to scrotal wall This convergence is deficient or patulous leading to ‘bell clapper’ deformity and torsionAfebrile boy with acute…
Section Testicular atrophy 22 Dec 202116 Dec 2021 Previous epididymo-orchitis, testicular torsion, cryptorchidism, varicocele, mumps, estrogen therapyPart of normal aging Imaging US: iso- or hyporeflective compared with normal side. Homogeneous or mixed parenchymal reflectivity Read more Lipshultz, Larry…
Section Testicular microlithiasis 21 Dec 202116 Dec 2021 Calcium deposits in lumina of seminiferous tubulesAssociated with cryptorchidism, infertility, Klinefelter syndrome, testicular infarction, testicular dysgenesis, infertility, testicular torsion and atrophyAssociation with malignancy is controversial and not establishedIn isolation, microlithiasis…
Section Benign prostatic hyperplasia 21 Dec 202116 Dec 2021 Arises in transition zoneHyperplasia of prostatic tissue Variable degrees of glandular, muscular and fibrous components Imaging Heterogeneity of hypertrophy seen as varying signals in T2 and variable diffusivity Nodules may grow exophytically…