- umbilical cords inserts into membranes before entering placenta
associations
- multiple gestation
- uterine anomalies
- intrauterine death
- fetal anomalies: spina bifida, esophageal atresia, obstructive uropathy, VSD, cleft palate
complications
- IUGR
- preterm labor
- cord compression
- rupture of cord with traction